What is the potential harm associated with mammography mentioned in the text?

The potential harm associated with mammography that is highlighted is the over-diagnosis of cancer. This term refers to the detection of cancers that would not cause symptoms or lead to death if left untreated. While mammograms are effective for early detection of breast cancer, they can sometimes identify tumors that are biologically benign or slow-growing, where intervention may lead to unnecessary treatment, anxiety, and emotional distress for the patient.

Over-diagnosis can lead to a cascade of further medical procedures, such as biopsies and potentially aggressive treatments, which may ultimately result in physical and psychological ramifications that outweigh the benefits. Understanding this risk is crucial for both patients and healthcare providers, as it helps to weigh the necessity of screening against potential adverse outcomes related to over-treatment. This knowledge fosters informed decision-making regarding personal health options and screening practices.

The other options pertain to different aspects of mammography and its potential effects, but do not directly address the specific harm identified in the context of over-diagnosis.